Best Turn the Other Cheek Quotes: Then & Now


Best Turn the Other Cheek Quotes: Then & Now

The phrase “flip the opposite cheek” represents a precept of non-violent resistance to aggression. Originating within the Sermon on the Mount, it advocates for responding to insult or harm with persistence and forbearance fairly than retaliation. For instance, if one is struck on the suitable cheek, the instruction suggests providing the left cheek to the aggressor, thereby disrupting the cycle of violence.

The significance of this idea lies in its potential to de-escalate battle and promote reconciliation. By refusing to reciprocate violence, people could disarm their opponents and foster a path towards peaceable decision. Traditionally, this tenet has impressed actions of nonviolent resistance, advocating for social change via peaceable means fairly than armed wrestle. The precept is usually seen as a difficult however probably transformative response to injustice.

The next sections will discover the assorted dimensions of this philosophy, its interpretation, and its utility in numerous contexts.

1. Non-retaliation

Non-retaliation types the bedrock upon which the idea of providing the opposite cheek rests. It isn’t merely passive acceptance of aggression, however a acutely aware choice to interrupt the cycle of violence, a refusal to perpetuate hurt. The selection carries weight, demanding a power of character typically underestimated in its quiet resolve. The precept challenges standard notions of justice, demanding an inside fortitude far higher than that required for reciprocal motion.

  • Interrupting the Cycle

    The preliminary act of aggression units in movement a predictable chain response. Retaliation begets additional retaliation, escalating the battle into probably devastating penalties. Non-retaliation serves as a deliberate intervention, a acutely aware disruption of this chain. It denies the aggressor the satisfaction of a predictable response, forcing a reassessment of their place. An instance could be the Civil Rights Motion’s response to violence with peaceable protest, refusing to reflect the hate they confronted.

  • Ethical Authority

    When one chooses to not retaliate, a delicate shift in ethical authority happens. The person who absorbs the blow, be it literal or figurative, assumes a place of power born not of bodily pressure, however of principled conviction. The aggressor’s actions stand in stark distinction to the restraint displayed, probably resulting in a questioning of their very own conduct. This ethical excessive floor can affect observers and shift public notion, including weight to the trigger for justice.

  • Empowering the Weak

    Non-retaliation gives a path of resistance for individuals who are bodily or socially susceptible. When confronted with overwhelming energy, a direct confrontation could also be inconceivable or suicidal. Nonetheless, the refusal to reciprocate violence disarms the aggressor’s technique, turning their power right into a legal responsibility. It transforms vulnerability right into a supply of resilience, permitting the oppressed to take care of their dignity and problem the oppressor’s legitimacy. The silence of protesters within the face of blatant injustice speaks louder than any shouted insult.

  • Lengthy-term Transformation

    Essentially the most profound impression of non-retaliation could lie in its potential for long-term transformation. Whereas fast outcomes could also be elusive, the constant utility of this precept can progressively erode the foundations of battle. By refusing to take part within the cycle of violence, people can contribute to a tradition of peace and understanding. This transformative energy requires persistence and unwavering dedication, a perception that even the smallest act of non-retaliation can ripple outwards, making a extra simply and compassionate world.

These intertwined facets reveal that selecting to not strike again shouldn’t be weak point, however a type of power that disrupts violence’s maintain. It gives a novel pathway towards social change, fueled by resistance and a permanent dedication to a extra peaceable world. It is a gradual, difficult course of, however one in the end able to extra impactful and lasting outcomes than reflexive reprisal.

2. Forgiveness

Forgiveness, an idea typically whispered but hardly ever embraced in its entirety, types a vital, albeit difficult, element within the sensible utility. Whereas the act of non-retaliation could halt the fast escalation of battle, it’s the subsequent launch of resentment via forgiveness that really dismantles the underlying animosity. It is about releasing the maintain the offense has on one’s spirit, a vital side of interior peace and a testomony to religious power. The narrative of Nelson Mandela, imprisoned for many years, who upon his launch forgave his oppressors, exemplifies this connection. It is the act of liberation for each the wronged and the wrongdoer.

  • The Dissolution of Resentment

    Resentment, a corrosive emotion, festers throughout the soul, poisoning one’s well-being. Forgiveness acts as an antidote, dissolving the bitterness and permitting emotional wounds to heal. It is akin to eradicating a splinter, painful within the second however mandatory for stopping additional an infection. With out forgiveness, the offense continues to exert its energy, shaping ideas and actions lengthy after the preliminary occasion. A neighborhood torn aside by violence could solely start its therapeutic course of when the seeds of forgiveness are sown, permitting for the rebuilding of belief and the fostering of reconciliation. It doesn’t indicate condoning the act however releasing its grip on the sufferer’s psyche.

  • The Liberation of the Offender

    Forgiveness gives the potential for the offender to confront the results of their actions with out the burden of perpetual condemnation. Whereas accountability stays paramount, the data that their offense shouldn’t be met with never-ending hatred can open the door to regret and real repentance. It isn’t a assure, however a chance, a glimmer of hope for redemption. An apology is a superb first step. This act of mercy, whereas typically misunderstood, shouldn’t be about absolving the offender of their accountability, however fairly about fostering an atmosphere the place true regret and amends can take root.

  • The Path to Reconciliation

    Forgiveness lays the groundwork for reconciliation, a technique of rebuilding relationships fractured by battle. It is a gradual endeavor, typically fraught with challenges, however one which turns into doable solely when the partitions of resentment are dismantled. The story of post-apartheid South Africa, with its Fact and Reconciliation Fee, serves as a testomony to the ability of forgiveness in therapeutic deep societal wounds. Whereas full reconciliation could not at all times be attainable, the act of forgiveness represents a vital step within the journey in the direction of mutual understanding and peaceable coexistence.

  • Interior Peace and Religious Development

    Finally, forgiveness is an act of self-liberation. Holding onto anger and resentment binds one to the previous, stopping true emotional and religious progress. Forgiveness permits one to interrupt free from this bondage, to maneuver ahead with a lighter coronary heart and a clearer conscience. It is a testomony to the power of the human spirit, the power to rise above adversity and select compassion over bitterness. The journey in the direction of forgiveness could also be arduous, however the rewards interior peace, religious progress, and the potential for reconciliation are immeasurable.

Thus, forgiveness, when entwined with the refusal to retaliate, unveils a path to therapeutic and liberation on a number of ranges. It’s the coronary heart’s brave response, refusing to be consumed by anger and bitterness, fostering reconciliation and profound interior peace. Whereas not simply attained, it stays a crucial aspect throughout the broader context, providing an method to reworking each particular person lives and fractured societies.

3. Peaceable resistance

The whispered instruction to supply the opposite cheek, plucked from historic scripture, would possibly seem a passive act. It’s, nonetheless, a radical seed from which a potent type of resistance grows: peaceable resistance. The connection shouldn’t be considered one of mere suggestion, however a deep, intertwined bond the place one offers the philosophical grounding for the opposite. The precept gives the preliminary refusal to interact in violence, and peaceable resistance interprets that refusal into energetic, transformative motion. The effectiveness of peaceable resistance as a sensible utility of the principle turns into clear via inspecting historic actions, and their successes or failures.

Contemplate Mahatma Gandhi’s wrestle for Indian independence. British rule, steeped in energy and army would possibly, appeared insurmountable. But, Gandhi weaponized non-violent civil disobedience, urging his followers to satisfy violence with peaceable protest, imprisonment with unwavering resolve. This method, deeply rooted within the idea of turning the opposite cheek, confounded the British authorities. Their brutality was laid naked in opposition to the backdrop of Indian restraint. The ability imbalance shifted, and ethical authority eroded colonial rule. Equally, the American Civil Rights Motion, led by Martin Luther King Jr., confronted fierce opposition. Peaceable marches, sit-ins, and boycotts had been met with violence and injustice. But, by absorbing these blows with out retaliation, the motion uncovered the ugliness of segregation and pressured society in the direction of change. The refusal to satisfy hate with hate turned a strong catalyst for legislative reform and social transformation. These examples spotlight not solely the effectiveness of peaceable resistance when impressed by rules, but in addition the significance of a deeper message that it tries to convey.

The sensible significance of understanding this connection lies in recognizing the inherent power inside seeming vulnerability. The choice to not retaliate shouldn’t be weak point; it’s a strategic selection that redefines energy. By refusing to interact on the aggressor’s phrases, peaceable resistance disarms their technique, forcing them to confront the results of their actions. It calls for self-discipline, braveness, and a profound perception within the transformative energy of non-violence. It additionally presents challenges. Peaceable resistance requires unwavering dedication and resilience within the face of adversity. It necessitates cautious planning and strategic motion to maximise its impression. And it calls for an ethical compass that is still steadfast even when confronted with immense stress. Regardless of these challenges, the potential for peaceable resistance to create lasting change stays plain, making it a crucial instrument for these in search of a extra simply and compassionate world.

4. Ethical power

The passage to supply the opposite cheek shouldn’t be paved with ease. It’s hewn from the bedrock of ethical power, a fortitude that resists the primal urge for retaliation. To grasp the quote is to acknowledge its paradoxical nature: what seems passive calls for an interior metal far stronger than any outward present of pressure. The connection is causal; with out this inside reservoir of ethical power, the instruction crumbles into mere platitude, an empty gesture void of actual that means. The significance of ethical power is that it transforms a survival intuition, that calls for a direct response, right into a managed act of defiance.

Contemplate Nelson Mandela’s lengthy imprisonment. Years of injustice, of compelled labor and isolation, may have hardened his coronary heart, fueling a need for vengeance upon his launch. As a substitute, he emerged with a spirit unbroken, advocating for reconciliation and forgiveness. This was not naive idealism, however a calculated act born of profound ethical power. He understood that true liberation lay not in retribution, however in breaking the chains of hatred. In a smaller scale, contemplate the person who’s persistently focused with insults at work. To reply with anger, to descend to the extent of the aggressor, is straightforward. It requires far higher ethical power to stay calm, to deal with the conduct with measured phrases, and even to easily stroll away, refusing to be drawn right into a damaging cycle. Such actions, fueled by an unwavering dedication to private integrity, can typically disarm the aggressor and create an area for change.

The importance of recognizing this hyperlink between “flip the opposite cheek” and ethical power lies in understanding its potential for empowerment. It shifts the main focus from exterior circumstances to inside assets. It acknowledges that true energy resides not within the skill to inflict hurt, however within the capability to decide on one’s response. This precept shouldn’t be about being a doormat; it is about reclaiming company within the face of adversity, about asserting one’s humanity even when others search to decrease it. The trail is demanding, requiring fixed self-reflection and a willingness to confront one’s personal weaknesses. Nonetheless, for individuals who domesticate this ethical power, the rewards are immeasurable: interior peace, resilience, and the power to encourage constructive change on the planet.

5. Religious progress

The passage about providing the opposite cheek, typically interpreted as a name for pacifism, harbors inside it a potent seed of religious progress. One would possibly ask how willingly accepting a blow, whether or not bodily or metaphorical, can result in interior growth. The reply lies not within the act itself, however within the area it creates, a void left by the absence of instinctive response, crammed as a substitute by deliberate contemplation and the acutely aware selection of response. The trigger is the intentional suspension of ego; the impact, the potential for profound transformation. Religious progress emerges not on account of the mistreatment, however as a consequence of how mistreatment is dealt with.

The significance of religious progress as a element is present in its skill to reframe the occasion. It invitations one to see the aggressor not merely as an enemy, however as a catalyst, an typically unwitting agent of self-discovery. Contemplate the lifetime of Corrie ten Growth, a Dutch lady who sheltered Jews from the Nazis throughout World Battle II. Imprisoned within the Ravensbrck focus camp, she endured unimaginable struggling. But, even in that atmosphere of unspeakable cruelty, she discovered alternatives for religious progress, forgiving her captors and discovering power in her religion. Her expertise exemplifies the ability of inside transformation amidst exterior hardship. For her, the capability to forgive those who persecuted her and her household was an evolution of her spirit. One other instance could be discovered within the Buddhist custom of accepting a troublesome trainer with grace and with out reacting again despite the fact that that trainer could also be harsh.

The sensible significance of understanding this connection resides within the realization that religious progress shouldn’t be a passive course of; it calls for energetic engagement. It requires the cultivation of virtues resembling empathy, compassion, and forgiveness. It entails confronting one’s personal vulnerabilities and biases, recognizing that the capability for each good and evil resides inside every particular person. The applying of the message, due to this fact, is much less concerning the literal act and extra concerning the inside work it conjures up. Accepting the “blow” turns into a possibility to construct interior resilience, to increase one’s capability for understanding, and to maneuver nearer to a state of interior peace, even amidst exterior turmoil. The challenges are plain, as few paths are extra demanding than that of self-improvement. But, to see the instruction not as an invite to be victimized, however as a name to religious arms, transforms the very nature of adversity. It turns into not a supply of defeat, however a stepping stone on the trail in the direction of a extra enlightened existence.

6. Love

The instruction to supply the opposite cheek, considered via the lens of affection, transcends mere passive acceptance. It turns into a proactive assertion of humanity, a declaration that even within the face of aggression, the capability for love endures. To grasp this connection is to know that the directive shouldn’t be about self-abnegation, however about reworking the very nature of battle. Love, on this context, operates as a catalyst, turning potential violence into a possibility for compassion, empathy, and in the end, reconciliation. With out love, the phrase turns into a hole shell, devoid of the transformative energy it accommodates.

Contemplate the story of a neighborhood ravaged by ethnic battle. Years of violence had created deep divisions, breeding hatred and distrust. A neighborhood non secular chief, witnessing the devastation, started to evangelise a message of unconditional love. He urged his followers to succeed in out to their former enemies, to supply help and understanding. Initially, his efforts had been met with suspicion and resistance. However slowly, acts of kindness started to chip away on the partitions of hatred. Households started to share meals, rebuild properties collectively, and even attend one another’s non secular ceremonies. It was not a simple course of, and setbacks had been frequent. But, the constant utility of affection, as a deliberate selection, in the end paved the best way for reconciliation and a fragile peace. Such tales discover their parallel in interpersonal relationships, the place the damage attributable to one other is usually the toughest to forgive. Loving the particular person sufficient to need them to develop past the hurtful behaviour typically requires an indication of affection that breaks via their defenses.

The sensible significance of recognizing this connection resides in its potential to reshape responses to battle. It challenges the traditional knowledge that violence have to be met with violence. It proposes as a substitute a path rooted in empathy and understanding, a path that calls for immense braveness and unwavering dedication. It suggests a approach to deal with battle that prioritizes the preservation of human dignity and seeks to search out frequent floor, even within the midst of profound disagreement. The challenges are evident: such an method requires a profound shift in perspective, a willingness to step outdoors one’s consolation zone and embrace vulnerability. Nonetheless, for individuals who embrace this precept, impressed by love, the rewards are immeasurable: the potential to heal wounds, construct bridges, and create a world the place compassion triumphs over hatred.

7. De-escalation

The idea of de-escalation finds a compelling, if difficult, resonance throughout the message to supply the opposite cheek. It’s a counterintuitive technique, seemingly passive, but able to disrupting cycles of aggression. The intent to pacify via acquiescence requires deeper examination.

  • Breaking the Momentum of Anger

    Human battle typically operates on momentum. A perceived slight results in a heated response, which in flip fuels additional escalation. By refusing to reciprocate aggression, a person can disrupt this cycle. The aggressor’s expectations are defied; the anticipated resistance is absent. This pause, this second of sudden silence, gives a possibility for reflection, nonetheless fleeting. A narrative involves thoughts of two drivers, every satisfied the opposite had reduce them off in site visitors. Shouts escalated to threats till one driver, in opposition to the recommendation of his passenger, merely apologized, admitting he may need been mistaken. The opposite driver, surprised by the sudden response, softened his stance, and the confrontation dissolved. The potential confrontation was averted.

  • Shifting the Energy Dynamic

    Typical knowledge dictates that power lies in dominance. However de-escalation, rooted within the spirit of the phrase, inverts this dynamic. By refusing to interact in an influence wrestle, a person can subtly shift the steadiness of management. The aggressor, disadvantaged of a goal, is compelled to confront the implications of their very own actions. Their energy, constructed on the expectation of resistance, is undermined. This shift shouldn’t be at all times fast or apparent. However over time, the constant utility of restraint can problem the very foundations of aggression. One instance could be a scholar bullied relentlessly, who as a substitute of combating again, merely appeared on the bully and genuinely requested in the event that they had been okay. It modified the trajectory.

  • Creating House for Empathy

    Aggression typically stems from a lack of know-how, an incapacity to see the opposite particular person’s perspective. De-escalation, by making a second of pause, can supply a possibility for empathy to emerge. When a person refuses to satisfy hostility with hostility, it opens the door for a special form of communication, a communication rooted in compassion fairly than defensiveness. This doesn’t assure understanding, but it surely makes it extra doable. An illustration: a buyer, irate over a billing error, unleashed a tirade on a customer support consultant. The consultant, as a substitute of reacting defensively, listened patiently and acknowledged the client’s frustration. By validating the client’s emotions, she subtle the anger and created an area for a relaxed dialogue, finally resolving the problem. As a substitute of escalating, the client and rep resolved it via calm dialogue.

  • Stopping Irreversible Harm

    Within the warmth of the second, phrases and actions can inflict lasting wounds. Relationships could be fractured, reputations tarnished, and lives irrevocably altered. De-escalation, by stopping the scenario from spiraling uncontrolled, safeguards in opposition to such injury. The restraint proven can stop escalation, preserving the opportunity of future reconciliation. The reminiscence comes again from a heated argument between relations. Harsh phrases had been exchanged, and the stress was palpable. One particular person, recognizing the potential for irreversible injury, merely walked away, refusing to interact additional. Later, after tempers had cooled, the relations had been capable of return and restore the injury to the dialog. The injury had been averted.

The act of providing the opposite cheek ought to be thought-about a way of disrupting momentum. It turns into one thing that allows a second of peace between these partaking in heated arguments. De-escalation, on this context, is a instrument, a method of avoiding pointless hurt and preserving the potential for future understanding.

Often Requested Questions on Flip the Different Cheek

The passage has spurred debate and introspection for hundreds of years. It is not a easy instruction; it is a philosophical puzzle. Under, frequent questions are examined, in search of readability fairly than providing simplistic solutions.

Query 1: Is providing the opposite cheek an indication of weak point?

Historical past presents numerous tales, the place violence solely begets violence. However when a person refuses to retaliate, one thing shifts. Consider Rosa Parks refusing to surrender her seat. It wasnt bodily power that moved historical past, however ethical fortitude. To misconceive is to disregard the underlying, and complicated, energy it presents.

Query 2: Does it imply accepting abuse?

There is a story of a monastery, repeatedly harassed by bandits. The monks by no means fought again, however in addition they didnt passively settle for the abuse. They documented the bandit’s crimes, offered proof to the authorities, and continued to take care of the susceptible of their neighborhood, which helped the neighborhood thrive. It wasn’t about letting the bandit stroll throughout them, however about difficult injustice whereas sustaining their rules.

Query 3: Is it sensible within the trendy world?

A enterprise proprietor was coping with a ruthless competitor, who unfold lies about his firm. Fairly than resorting to comparable techniques, the proprietor centered on bettering his product and strengthening his relationships with prospects. Finally, the competitor’s lies had been uncovered, and the enterprise thrived. This wasn’t about ignoring the scenario; it was about selecting a simpler, moral response.

Query 4: Does it condone injustice?

Image a lawyer defending somebody wrongly accused. They fiercely argue their shopper’s case, exposing the failings within the prosecutions arguments. However, they by no means resort to private assaults or inflammatory rhetoric. This isn’t condoning injustice, however combating it with integrity, whereas adhering to rules.

Query 5: How does it relate to self-defense?

Think about a martial arts grasp, who dedicates themself to serving to individuals. A scholar of a dojo is in a harmful scenario with a bunch of individuals, who wish to trigger hurt. As a result of the coed of martial arts focuses on serving to others, he can act with readability and precision in his actions to cease the group from inflicting hurt to himself and others. He does so with the intention of diffusing the stress with the opposite group of individuals. It requires immense ability to defend with out escalating the scenario.

Query 6: Is it at all times the suitable method?

A neighborhood discovers that their native water provide is being polluted by a close-by manufacturing facility. Group leaders try to barter and plead with the corporate to cease its dangerous practices, however the manufacturing facility house owners refuse to take motion or acknowledge the problem. Pissed off and working out of choices, the neighborhood decides to take the manufacturing facility to court docket. It is an instance of when direct motion is required as a result of the aggressor refuses to take heed to motive.

In brief, shouldn’t be a name for blind submission. It is an invite to problem the dynamics of battle, guided by rules of peace, justice, and in the end, love. How one interprets this philosophical riddle will inevitably range. It requires fixed reflection, and a willingness to interact with its complexities.

Now we transition to exploring different associated ideas.

Methods for Navigating Battle

Understanding the precept shouldn’t be merely educational. It gives instruments for navigating turbulent conditions with knowledge and restraint. The next are methods drawn from the spirit, relevant in circumstances the place aggression and discord threaten to overwhelm.

Tip 1: Pause and Mirror Earlier than Reacting

Contemplate the story of a seasoned diplomat, recognized for his skill to diffuse tense worldwide negotiations. When confronted with an outburst of anger from an opposing delegate, he would invariably pause, take a gradual breath, and reply solely after cautious consideration. This deliberate pause, typically mistaken for hesitation, allowed him to regain management of his feelings, assess the scenario objectively, and craft a response that de-escalated fairly than fueled the battle.

Tip 2: Search to Perceive the Aggressor’s Perspective

Think about a trainer struggling to handle a disruptive scholar. As a substitute of resorting to punishment, the trainer took the time to grasp the coed’s dwelling life, discovering that the kid was going through immense challenges. This empathy remodeled the trainer’s method. By addressing the underlying points fairly than merely suppressing the disruptive conduct, the trainer fostered a constructive change within the scholar’s perspective and efficiency.

Tip 3: Select Your Battles Correctly

A neighborhood organizer realized the significance of specializing in essentially the most crucial points. When confronted with a barrage of complaints, she prioritized the issues that had the best impression on the neighborhood’s well-being, delegating or ignoring the much less vital ones. This strategic method allowed her to preserve her power and assets, making certain that she may successfully deal with the problems that really mattered.

Tip 4: Reply with Kindness, Not Retaliation

The story is instructed of a shopkeeper, focused by a bunch of vandals. As a substitute of retaliating, he cleaned up the injury and left a small reward for the vandals, together with a observe expressing his hope that they’d rethink their actions. To his shock, the vandals returned the following day, to not trigger extra injury, however to apologize and supply to assist restore what they’d damaged. The shopkeeper’s act of kindness had remodeled them.

Tip 5: Set Boundaries and Shield Your self

A social employee, dedicated to serving to others, discovered herself overwhelmed by the fixed calls for on her time and power. She realized to set agency boundaries, politely declining requests that stretched her too skinny. This self-care was not egocentric; it was important for her to take care of her well-being and successfully serve those that really wanted her assist. It is very important keep security for oneself.

Tip 6: Give attention to the Lengthy-Time period Purpose

The chief of a non-profit group was confronted with a significant setback, a funding disaster that threatened to close down their operations. As a substitute of giving up, he reminded his staff of their long-term mission, their dedication to serving the neighborhood. This shared imaginative and prescient impressed them to search out artistic options, they usually in the end secured new funding that allowed the group to not solely survive, however to thrive.

These methods, impressed by the message to supply the opposite cheek, current a path in the direction of navigating battle with grace and knowledge. They demand power, resilience, and a unwavering dedication to a extra peaceable, compassionate world.

Now, because the article concludes, the reader is invited to use these methods to their day-to-day lives.

Reflections on a Difficult Path

The previous exploration has delved into the depths of the phrase “flip the opposite cheek quotes,” dissecting its multifaceted interpretations and inspecting its demanding implications. It’s revealed as greater than a easy directive, greater than mere submission; it presents a radical problem to traditional responses to aggression. Its essence, it has been argued, lies within the power to disrupt cycles of violence, within the capability for forgiveness, and within the potential for profound religious progress.

Contemplate the story of a person, wronged and betrayed by a detailed good friend. Consumed by anger, he sought revenge, plotting to inflict equal ache. But, haunted by the phrases of the passage, he hesitated. He imagined the results of his actions, the escalating cycle of bitterness and resentment. As a substitute, he selected a special path, a path paved with forgiveness and understanding. It was not straightforward. There have been sleepless nights and moments of intense doubt. However slowly, a way of peace started to emerge, a way of liberation from the chains of hatred. Whereas the friendship couldn’t be salvaged, the person found a power inside himself he by no means knew existed, a power born not of vengeance, however of compassion. The applying of this historic knowledge to the fashionable world presents an ongoing check. The phrase, examined for its potential and its limitations, requires steady reflection, and an unwavering dedication to a extra simply and peaceable world. The journey continues, and its impression, if embraced with sincerity and braveness, has the potential to reshape the world.

Leave a Comment

close
close