The Truth: Did David Bowie Drink? + Legacy


The Truth: Did David Bowie Drink? + Legacy

The inquiry facilities on the consuming habits of the musician David Bowie. This exploration examines the historic proof and biographical accounts pertaining to his consumption of alcoholic drinks all through his life.

Understanding a person’s substance use, significantly a public determine, can supply insights into their artistic processes, private struggles, and general well-being. Traditionally, substance use has been linked to creative expression and movie star tradition, elevating vital questions on affect and accountability.

The next sections will delve into particular intervals of his profession and private life, assessing out there info concerning his potential alcohol consumption and its attainable affect on his work and public picture.

1. Hypothesis

Whispers, rumors, and conjecture weave a tangled net across the query of David Bowie’s consuming habits. The ever-shifting nature of his public picture, every persona a masks rigorously crafted, fueled rampant hypothesis. Was Ziggy Stardust fueled by extra than simply artistic vitality? Did the Skinny White Duke discover solace within the backside of a glass? These questions, although typically unsubstantiated, linger within the collective reminiscence of his followers and critics alike. The dearth of definitive, verifiable accounts solely serves to amplify the hypothesis, remodeling fleeting glimpses into perceived truths.

The very act of remodeling oneself on stage invitations projection. If Bowie embodied extra, if he flirted with the boundaries of conference, it was a simple leap to imagine these boundaries prolonged to his private consumption. This isn’t to say the hypothesis is totally unfounded. Hints dropped in interviews, anecdotes recounted by former colleagues, and the mere rock-and-roll context by which he operated all contributed to the narrative. Nonetheless, discerning reality from fiction in such a haze of movie star and creative license proves exceedingly troublesome.

Finally, the persistent hypothesis surrounding Bowie’s alcohol use highlights the seductive energy of unanswered questions. It underscores the tendency to conflate creative efficiency with private actuality, and to fill within the gaps in a star’s biography with our personal assumptions and interpretations. Whereas definitive solutions might stay elusive, the hypothesis itself turns into a part of the David Bowie story, a testomony to his enduring mystique and the general public’s insatiable curiosity in regards to the man behind the legend.

2. Anonymity

The stage lights dimmed, revealing not David Bowie, the icon, however David Jones, the person, retreating behind the velvet curtain. Inside that area, shrouded within the manufactured obscurity of backstage life, questions concerning private habits, just like the consumption of alcohol, grow to be whispers, shadows, and half-truths. Anonymity, on this context, wasn’t the absence of fame, however its inverse a rigorously guarded sanctuary from its relentless glare.

  • The Inexperienced Room Veil

    The inexperienced room, a transient haven between efficiency and actuality, provided a protect. Inside these partitions, the pressures of fixed reinvention may result in selections made behind closed doorways. Anonymity cloaked these choices, allowing experimentation, or maybe masking reliance. A glass of one thing sturdy could possibly be seen as a wanted relaxant, or a hidden crutch, away from the judging eyes of the general public. This created an area the place the ‘Bowie’ persona may dissipate, changed by a person grappling with the calls for of his personal creation, doubtlessly discovering refuge in substances to navigate the complexities.

  • The Tour Bus Confessions

    Confined areas breed intimacy, but additionally a peculiar type of anonymity. Inside the rolling fortress of a tour bus, tales are shared, secrets and techniques are whispered, and identities blur below the affect of exhaustion and camaraderie. Right here, away from the prying lenses of the press, the reality of 1’s habits could possibly be each amplified and obscured. A shared bottle could possibly be an emblem of bonding or a method of escape, its impression masked by the collective expertise of the street. The transient nature of tour life, with its fixed motion and shifting landscapes, additional contributes to a way of detachments and hidden behaviours.

  • The Studio Partitions

    Inventive endeavors typically thrive in environments of managed chaos and intense focus. The recording studio, a crucible of creative expression, may grow to be an area the place boundaries blur. Below the strain to innovate, to seize lightning in a bottle, inhibitions might be shed, and habits might be fashioned or exacerbated. The remoted, self-contained nature of the studio gives a sure anonymity, permitting for experimentation and exploration with out the scrutiny of the surface world. A drink is perhaps thought of gasoline for the artistic fireplace, or a method to quiet the interior critic, its presence justified by the pursuit of creative perfection.

  • The Non-public Residences

    Behind excessive partitions and guarded gates, the movie star retreats to a site of their very own making. In these sanctuaries, the curated picture of the general public persona is shed, and the person emerges, flaws and all. That is the place the questions of David Bowie’s alcohol consumption discover their most elusive reply. Away from the glare of the highlight, habits, dependencies, and coping mechanisms discover area to flourish or fester, their existence shielded by layers of privateness and privilege. The pursuit of such insights turns into difficult, turning to speculations and anecdotes from inside the interior circle.

The thread working via every of those sides is the understanding that anonymity, whether or not actively sought or inherent to a specific setting, complicates the already murky waters surrounding “did David Bowie drink”. These remoted moments, occurring behind the scenes and away from public commentary, contributed to the anomaly of this matter. In consequence, it is onerous to obviously distinguish the reality about how Bowie consumed alcohol.

3. Way of life

David Bowies existence was a kaleidoscope of shifting identities, relentless creativity, and fixed reinvention. This advanced life-style, inherently intertwined with the general public eye and the pressures of fame, inevitably raises questions on how he navigated its calls for. The query of “did David Bowie drink” finds vital resonance inside the panorama of his chosen path.

  • The Glam Rock Extra

    The early Nineteen Seventies had been a whirlwind of glitter, platform boots, and a deliberate blurring of gender strains. Bowie, on the forefront of the glam rock motion, embraced a persona of decadent androgyny. This era, synonymous with hedonism and experimentation, noticed an acceptance of substance use as a part of the rock-and-roll mystique. Whereas direct proof of Bowies alcohol consumption throughout this period stays scarce, the pervasive tradition of extra suggests a excessive chance of involvement, even when solely on a social degree. The life-style demanded a sure degree of participation within the prevailing norms, and abstinence would have been an anomaly.

  • The Berlin Isolation

    In search of escape from the clutches of fame and private turmoil, Bowie retreated to West Berlin within the late Nineteen Seventies. This era, marked by creative experimentation and a stark, minimalist aesthetic, provided a stark distinction to his earlier glam rock extravagance. The relative anonymity of Berlin allowed him to shed the burden of expectation and discover his creative boundaries. But, the isolation and introspective nature of this era may even have fostered unhealthy coping mechanisms. Whereas Bowie himself spoke of kicking drug habits in Berlin, the potential for alcohol to fill that void can’t be discounted. The pressures of artistic exploration, coupled with private struggles, might need discovered an outlet in quiet, non-public indulgence.

  • The Touring Grind

    Life on the street is a relentless cycle of performances, journey, and fleeting moments of respite. For a performer of Bowie’s stature, touring was a continuing demand, a take a look at of endurance and psychological fortitude. The sheer exhaustion, the strain to ship evening after evening, and the fixed separation from family members can take a heavy toll. Whereas some thrive on the vitality of the group, others search solace in additional available comforts. The provision of alcohol backstage and in lodge rooms provided a simple escape from the calls for of the touring life-style. Its believable that it supplied a brief balm for a weary thoughts, a solution to unwind after the adrenaline rush of a efficiency.

  • The Public Persona vs. The Non-public Man

    Bowie was a grasp of making and manipulating his public picture. Every new album introduced a brand new persona, a rigorously constructed faade designed to intrigue and captivate. This fixed reinvention, whereas artistically good, seemingly positioned a big pressure on the person behind the masks. The necessity to preserve a selected picture, to satisfy the expectations of his followers and critics, may have led to a reliance on exterior crutches. Alcohol might need served as a brief buffer between the calls for of his public persona and the wants of the non-public particular person, a solution to bridge the hole between expectation and actuality. This fixed negotiation between his varied selves may create an setting the place he sought refuge.

These parts of Bowie’s multifaceted life-style present a contextual framework for understanding the probabilities surrounding his alcohol use. Whereas definitive solutions might stay elusive, these elements contribute to a extra nuanced understanding of the challenges and temptations confronted by a artistic particular person navigating the complexities of fame and private expression. The intersection of his profession and private life provides depth to the exploration of “did David Bowie drink” and the potential impression on his general journey.

4. Rehab

The specter of rehabilitation, typically whispered about in hushed tones, looms giant when contemplating “did David Bowie drink.” Whereas concrete, verifiable proof of Bowie attending a proper alcohol rehabilitation facility stays elusive, the persistent rumors and anecdotes surrounding his substance use recommend a possible, if unconfirmed, connection. The very want for such intervention, no matter whether or not it occurred, turns into an important ingredient in understanding the deeper narrative. The hyperlink between alcohol abuse and the potential requirement for rehabilitation is well-established. An individual combating alcohol dependence might expertise a downward spiral, requiring skilled assist to interrupt free from dependancy’s grip.

One would possibly contemplate the context of the period. The rock and roll life-style of the Nineteen Seventies and 80s was typically characterised by extra and experimentation. Many artists, going through the pressures of fame and artistic expectation, turned to substances as coping mechanisms. Though by no means definitively confirmed in Bowies particular case concerning alcohol, intervals of intense artistic output, coupled with stories of erratic habits, fuelled hypothesis. This doesn’t represent proof, nevertheless it highlights a well-known sample: a gifted particular person succumbing to the temptations of a demanding and infrequently unforgiving trade, doubtlessly resulting in a necessity for intervention and restoration. If, certainly, Bowie grappled with alcohol dependency, the dearth of express affirmation could possibly be attributed to a need for privateness or a concerted effort to handle his public picture.

Finally, the unanswered query of whether or not David Bowie underwent alcohol rehabilitation underscores the complexities of dependancy and restoration, particularly inside the context of movie star. Even within the absence of definitive proof, the chance serves as a sobering reminder that even probably the most celebrated figures should not immune to private struggles. The absence of public acknowledgement doesn’t negate the potential for personal battles fought and gained, or the quiet dignity of searching for assist away from the evident highlight. Whether or not David Bowie sought formal rehabilitation stays an open query, however the mere consideration forces a recognition of addictions potential impression, and the braveness required to confront it.

5. Substance Abuse

The specter of substance abuse, a shadow lurking behind the dazzling stage lights and the ever-shifting personas, casts a protracted and complicated shadow upon the query, “did David Bowie drink?” It is a delicate dance of hypothesis, rumor, and anecdotal proof, woven into the material of a life lived within the incandescent glare of fame. Whether or not alcohol was merely a social lubricant or a crutch for navigating the tumultuous waters of creativity and movie star is a query that is still, maybe deliberately, shrouded in ambiguity.

  • The Cocaine Years: A Cautionary Story

    Whereas the main target stays on alcohol, the acknowledged cocaine dependancy of the mid-Nineteen Seventies serves as a chilling reminder of the potential for substance dependency. The Skinny White Duke, gaunt and more and more indifferent, was a product of this era. Using cocaine can typically result in the simultaneous consumption of alcohol to mellow the consumer and calm down. The query turns into not if one thing was imbibed however how a lot and how typically. The admission of cocaine abuse highlights a vulnerability, a susceptibility to the attract of chemical escape, making it believable that alcohol performed a extra vital function than publicly acknowledged.

  • The Inventive Catalyst: A Harmful Justification

    Substances are sometimes romanticized as a instrument for unlocking creativity, a key to accessing hidden realms of inspiration. This narrative, whereas seductive, masks the darker actuality of dependancy and its damaging potential. Did David Bowie, at any level, imagine that alcohol enhanced his artistry? Did he view it as a needed ingredient within the alchemy of his music? The damaging attract of this justification can result in a slippery slope, blurring the strains between experimentation and dependence. It is a precarious discount, buying and selling long-term well-being for short-term perceived positive factors.

  • The Masks of Sobriety: Concealment and Management

    The power to keep up a public picture of composure and management, even amidst inside struggles, is a trademark of many who battle dependancy. Did David Bowie grasp this artwork of concealment? Did he domesticate a facade of sobriety, rigorously masking any outward indicators of dependency? The strain to keep up a flawless public persona, to uphold the rigorously constructed picture of David Bowie, may have fueled a necessity to cover any perceived flaws or weaknesses. This fixed efficiency, this perpetual act of self-preservation, might be extremely draining, doubtlessly exacerbating the underlying points.

  • The Legacy of Thriller: Intentional Ambiguity

    David Bowie was a grasp of mystique, deliberately cultivating an air of enigma and ambiguity. This prolonged not solely to his music and his personas but additionally to his private life. The query of “did David Bowie drink” advantages from an intentional ambiguity, permitting followers to venture their very own interpretations onto his picture. By by no means totally revealing the reality, by leaving the query unanswered, he maintained management over his narrative, guaranteeing that his legacy would stay without end intriguing and open to interpretation. The very lack of definitive solutions turns into a part of the legend.

The interwoven threads of substance abuse, creativity, and punctiliously curated picture contribute to a story that resists simple solutions. Whereas concrete proof stays elusive, the very exploration of those sides sheds gentle on the advanced interaction between private struggles, public persona, and the enduring attract of one among music’s most enigmatic figures. The lingering query of “did David Bowie drink,” subsequently, turns into much less about definitive proof and extra about understanding the human complexities behind the icon.

6. Portrayals

The seek for a solution to “did David Bowie drink” inevitably results in a corridor of mirrors, the place reflections and refractions distort the reality. Portrayals, whether or not captured in biographies, documentaries, or fictionalized accounts, supply fragmented glimpses, every filtered via a selected lens and formed by particular person views.

  • The Biographer’s Burden

    A biographer shoulders the immense accountability of presenting a life, full with its triumphs and flaws. Relating to potential alcohol use, the biographer should navigate a minefield of conflicting sources, unreliable recollections, and the ever-present risk of authorized repercussions. The portrayal provided could also be incomplete, coloured by private biases, or formed by the calls for of publishers and audiences. The biographers intent, whether or not to rejoice or to scrutinize, will inevitably affect the depiction of Bowies habits.

  • The Director’s Imaginative and prescient

    Documentaries, whereas typically striving for objectivity, are inherently subjective creations. A director chooses which footage to incorporate, which interviews to conduct, and learn how to body the narrative. A documentary specializing in Bowies musical genius would possibly downplay or ignore questions of substance use. Conversely, a documentary searching for sensationalism would possibly exaggerate or fabricate particulars. The administrators imaginative and prescient, their creative intent, will finally decide the portrayal of Bowies life and his potential relationship with alcohol.

  • The Fictional Echo

    Fictional accounts, impressed by real-life figures, supply the best latitude for artistic interpretation. Right here, the strains between actuality and creativeness blur, and fact turns into malleable. A fictional character loosely primarily based on David Bowie would possibly exhibit consuming habits that mirror the authors personal perceptions of fame, dependancy, or creative genius. Whereas entertaining, these portrayals ought to be seen with skepticism, as they provide little perception into the precise habits of the person himself.

  • The Fan’s Notion

    Finally, every fan constructs their very own portrayal of David Bowie, primarily based on their private experiences together with his music, interviews, and public appearances. These perceptions, formed by particular person biases and emotional connections, can range wildly. Some followers would possibly select to disregard the potential for alcohol use, preferring to concentrate on Bowies creative achievements. Others would possibly embrace the picture of a rebellious rock star, romanticizing the excesses of his life-style. These fan-created portrayals, whereas deeply private, supply little goal perception into the query at hand.

These portrayals, with their inherent limitations and biases, spotlight the problem of definitively answering “did David Bowie drink”. They function reminders that even probably the most extensively documented lives stay shrouded in thriller, and that the pursuit of fact typically results in a fragmented and incomplete image. The query stays open, its reply misplaced in a labyrinth of subjective interpretations and artistic liberties.

7. Exaggeration

The whispers began softly, like static between radio stations. Because the sign grew stronger, the road between fact and fabrication blurred, swallowed by the insatiable starvation for spectacle. Exaggeration, because it pertained to David Bowie and his alleged alcohol consumption, turned a lens via which a legend was molded, formed by the wishes and biases of those that informed the story. It was a recreation of phone performed on a world stage, the place every retelling amplified the preliminary suggestion, remodeling it into one thing virtually unrecognizable.

  • The Fable of the Decadent Artist

    The picture of the tormented artist, drowning sorrows in a haze of alcohol and inspiration, is a robust and enduring archetype. For Bowie, this archetype turned a handy shorthand, a solution to clarify his boundless creativity and his sometimes-erratic habits. Every anecdote, every hearsay, was amplified, twisted to suit this preconceived notion. The quiet glass of wine after a efficiency turned a nightly binge; the occasional social drink remodeled into a continuing, debilitating dependency. The parable served a goal, including a layer of romantic darkness to an already enigmatic determine.

  • The Tabloid’s Urge for food for Scandal

    The tabloids thrived on sensationalism, on the dramatic and the outrageous. They weren’t all for nuance or subtlety; they craved the lurid element, the scandalous revelation. Did Bowie have a drink? The query was irrelevant. The aim was to color an image of extra, to painting him as a flawed and susceptible determine, teetering on the sting of destruction. Exaggeration was their weapon of alternative, remodeling fleeting moments into defining character traits, and amplifying minor indiscretions into full-blown crises.

  • The Retelling of Anecdotes Over Time

    Tales change with every retelling, morphing and evolving as they move from individual to individual. Over many years, anecdotes about David Bowie’s alleged consuming habits turned embellished, infused with private interpretations and artistic license. A shared bottle of wine backstage would possibly grow to be a drunken brawl; a quiet night at residence would possibly remodel right into a drug-fueled orgy. These exaggerations, repeated typically sufficient, solidify into accepted truths, blurring the road between actuality and fabrication. The reality, misplaced within the fog of time, turns into more and more troublesome to discern.

  • The Self-Perpetuating Cycle of Hearsay

    As soon as a hearsay takes maintain, it turns into self-perpetuating, feeding on itself and rising stronger with every repetition. The mere suggestion that David Bowie had a consuming drawback turned its personal type of proof, reinforcing current biases and fueling additional hypothesis. The preliminary query, “did David Bowie drink?”, turned virtually irrelevant. The rumor itself turned the reality, a self-evident proven fact that required no additional investigation. This cycle of hearsay and exaggeration solidified the picture of Bowie as a troubled determine, battling interior demons with assistance from alcohol.

The exaggeration surrounding “did David Bowie drink,” like a distorted reflection, provides a skewed perspective on the person behind the parable. It serves as a reminder that movie star is a assemble, rigorously crafted and infrequently manipulated, and that the pursuit of fact within the realm of fame is a treacherous and infrequently fruitless endeavor. The reality of his alcohol consumption, misplaced amidst the amplified tales and sensationalized accounts, stays a thriller, a testomony to the enduring energy of exaggeration and the insatiable human need for spectacle.

Regularly Requested Questions

The enigmatic nature of David Bowie’s life invitations countless questions, persistent speculations. Amongst these, the inquiry “did David Bowie drink” surfaces repeatedly. This part provides perspective, navigating the out there info to deal with prevalent uncertainties.

Query 1: Is there definitive proof that David Bowie struggled with alcohol dependancy?

Definitive, irrefutable proof, sealed in a vault and offered with unimpeachable authority, doesn’t exist within the public area. Biographies trace, former associates murmur, however the stable, documented affirmation stays elusive. The story is assembled piece by piece, fragment by fragment. A picture from an exhibition could also be one piece, then a press release from somebody concerned. These bits slowly grow to be extra, and can be utilized to deduce.

Query 2: Did his varied stage personas affect assumptions about his consuming habits?

Take into account Ziggy Stardust, a determine teetering on the sting of cosmic oblivion. Or the Skinny White Duke, an embodiment of icy detachment. These characters, bigger than life, blurred the strains between efficiency and actuality. It turns into difficult to divide who Bowie performed on stage together with his true self. The flamboyance, the perceived recklessness, was projected onto the person, resulting in assumptions about his life-style, together with potential alcohol use.

Query 3: How dependable are biographical accounts concerning his private life?

Biographies are inherently subjective endeavors. Every creator approaches the topic with distinctive biases, entry to info, and interpretive frameworks. Recollections fade, views differ, and agendas, each aware and unconscious, can form the narrative. Biographical accounts supply glimpses, not gospel. Some could also be embellished and/or utterly fabricated. It turns into a continuing means of separating the reality from a fantasy.

Query 4: Did the pressures of fame contribute to potential substance abuse?

Think about a life lived below fixed scrutiny, a relentless barrage of expectation. The strain to create, to innovate, to reinvent oneself perpetually can take an immense toll. Fame, with its attract and its inherent anxieties, could be a breeding floor for self-destructive coping mechanisms. Alcohol, providing short-term respite, might need offered a tempting escape for Bowie, because it has for a lot of others.

Query 5: Was David Bowie’s transfer to Berlin an try to deal with substance points?

Berlin, within the late Nineteen Seventies, provided Bowie a refuge, an area to flee the excesses of Los Angeles and the demons that haunted him. Whereas he publicly spoke of confronting drug dependancy throughout this era, the potential for alcohol to serve instead, or a lingering crutch, can’t be dismissed. Berlin was a chapter of reinvention, but additionally one among quiet introspection, the place non-public battles might have continued to rage.

Query 6: Why is there a lot ambiguity surrounding his private habits?

David Bowie cultivated thriller. He was a grasp of self-invention, rigorously guarding his privateness and controlling his public picture. This deliberate ambiguity prolonged to all points of his life, together with his private habits. The dearth of definitive solutions solely provides to his attract, solidifying his standing as an enigmatic icon, without end simply past our grasp.

The query of “did David Bowie drink” stays largely unanswered, a testomony to the advanced interaction of fame, notion, and private privateness. The seek for definitive proof could also be futile, however the exploration itself reveals a lot in regards to the man, the parable, and the enduring energy of hypothesis.

The subsequent article part will summarize the findings of this investigation.

Classes from a Starman

The search to know the extent of David Bowie’s alcohol consumption, although finally inconclusive, yields precious classes. This journey, full of hypothesis and restricted truths, turns into an analogy for navigating life’s grey areas.

Tip 1: Embrace Ambiguity: Life hardly ever gives definitive solutions. Very similar to the thriller surrounding Bowie’s habits, many points of human expertise stay open to interpretation. Embracing this ambiguity fosters resilience and flexibility.

Tip 2: Query Perceptions: The picture of Bowie, amplified by fame, was a assemble, a curated persona. Equally, people typically current idealized variations of themselves. Questioning these perceptions reveals deeper truths and promotes empathy.

Tip 3: Search Authenticity: Bowie’s fixed reinvention, whereas artistically good, might need masked underlying struggles. Striving for authenticity, even when difficult, fosters real connection and private achievement. It might make discovering interior peace simpler.

Tip 4: Acknowledge the Energy of Affect: Bowie’s affect on music and tradition is simple. Public figures, consciously or unconsciously, form perceptions and behaviors. Consciousness of this affect promotes accountable motion and demanding considering.

Tip 5: Prioritize Properly-being: The potential for substance abuse, even when unconfirmed, underscores the significance of prioritizing psychological and bodily well-being. In search of assist when wanted demonstrates power, not weak spot.

Tip 6: Domesticate Crucial Considering: Sorting via hypothesis, rumors, and biases requires crucial considering. Evaluating sources, figuring out agendas, and forming unbiased judgments are important life expertise.

Tip 7: Acknowledge Private Struggles: Even probably the most celebrated figures face challenges. Recognizing this shared humanity fosters compassion and reduces the stigma surrounding private struggles.

These classes, gleaned from the inconclusive seek for solutions surrounding Bowie’s habits, underscore the significance of navigating life’s complexities with consciousness, empathy, and a dedication to private well-being.

As this exploration of David Bowie’s potential consuming habits attracts to a detailed, the ultimate conclusion provides a concise abstract of the important thing findings.

The Lingering Echo

The winding path via David Bowie’s life, scrutinizing the question “did David Bowie drink,” reaches its terminus. Whereas shadows of hypothesis and glimpses of anecdotal proof danced throughout the stage, a definitive reply remained stubbornly out of attain. Claims and denials fought the rumours, creating a really clouded actuality. The glam-rock extra, the Berlin refuge, the pressures of reinvention all instructed potentialities, but none supplied the conclusive fact. Biographical accounts provided fragmented views, formed by particular person biases. The picture of the artist and the true particular person started to separate even additional. The whispers of rehab, although unsubstantiated, hinted at struggles hid from the general public eye. The substance abuse, overtly admitted at some factors, and strongly denied throughout others solely additional distanced the topic and goal. In the long run, it was not clear about how Bowie consumed alcohol

The lingering echo of this query, unanswered, underscores the enduring mystique of David Bowie. It serves as a reminder that even probably the most public lives retain pockets of impenetrable privateness. The true lesson then is to not uncover a definitive sure or no, however to acknowledge the advanced relationship between fame, private struggles, and the curated picture. It might be finest to let the thriller lay, and to proceed to take pleasure in all the stunning artwork that the starman delivered through the years. Quite than concentrate on the potential ills, concentrate on the wonderful reward that he supplied to the world.

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